preaching

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= The Protestant Reform on Catholic Church teachings during the 16th Century. =

=The Greatest Heresies during the sixteenth century involve the rising belief in Protestantism. Protestant followers believed that the bible and faith alone was all you needed to seek God grace. Protestant followers were called heretics because they went against the church teachings. Heresy is defined as "adhence to a religious opinion that is contrary to established dogma of a church"(Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1993)."=

=="The church's teachings and the scriptures are placed in almost a contradictory role; the characterisation of a belief as heretical requires not so much that it be held but that it be held openly and promulgated. That is the church was concerned about movements not an individual's doubts; heresy involves putting human interpretation of the scriptures above the church's interpretations (i.e. the divine); the church's teaching must necessarily correct. ([])"==

2 Peter 1:20 "Above all, you must understand that no prophecy of Scripture came about by the prophet's own interpretation (New International Vision (1984)."

The Protestant Church came into existence in Western Europe in the 16th century. Protestant church became popular by the decline and reform the Roman Catholic. Martin Luther was a German Theologican who idea's revolutionized the Leviathan of the church. Martin Luther was responsible for the divide in Christianity. Luther believed that the Bible and your faith was all you needed to have an relationship with God. Luther believed that through salvation and faith Christian followers would be saved. But, when Luther discovered that the Catholic church was selling indulgences. Luthen grew angry because the church was promising these papal documents to penitents for the remission for their sins. As a result, the Catholic church was using the indulgences so they could raise money for massive churches ([])



Luther begins to notice that fewer people was coming to confession. He discover the selling of indulgences on the borders of Saxony. Luther was so upset about the indulgences, he posts "The 95 theses" on Wittenberg Castle Church.

Martin Luther was determined to provide Christians followers with the truth about Roman church clergy man. So, Luther developed The 95 Theses, which was written to open debate about the indulgences that were happening in the Roman church. " He therefore and discuss the subject with us orally, to do so by letter in their absence (Machiavelli pg.265)."

Articles for reading: ([] )

​ The Reformation and the Decay of Medieval Times Author(s): Lacey Baldwin Smith Source: **//Church History,//** Vol.24, NO.3 (Sep.1955), pp 212-220 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History Stable URL []
 * __Article Analysis One__ **

Focus: To determine the downfall of the Catholic Church and uprising Protestant Church.


 * || **Protestant** **Church** || ** Catholic Church ** ||
 * ** The social gain ** || The cooperation of society requires that values and objectives or the ideals of society must be considered worthy and possible attainment…and the actual practice of man (213). || The church was designed to minister to things of the spirit…the pope and cardinals….were worldly more interested in the flesh pots and lawyer briefs than curing innumerable souls (214). The world is running after those trades and occupations that bring the most gain all the clever heads endowed by God with capacity for Nobler studies engrossed by commerce and saturated with dishonesty (214). The benefits for accruing from Mass were to be desired…the more masses you heard or paid for the more benefits you obtain (216). ||
 * ** The rapid rate of reform ** || The church always extended the hope that with reasonable caution and care man might expect salvation (214). The long and ornate vows usually mitigated by some tricky qualification (217). The gloom and depression that settled upon the souls of Northern Europe (218). || The Late Middle ages was the closing years of the Medieval world …the more crusades preached in any other century (217). ||
 * ** Church Beliefs ** ||

Luther believed that normal life and salvation could be attained within this world (218). We all fall short of the glory of God and even a pedestrian sinner has the right to the Kingdom of God for the gates are open to you (218). Just live by faith (218). ||

The catholic church preached, “the surest road to salvation was to be found in the seclusion of a monastery where the temptations of the world could be minimized” (214). The Catholic church wanted it followers to believe that “Man was expected to remind himself that his duty to approach God as closely as possible and that his life was a testing ground studded with pitfalls to unwary sin (214). ||

My Implications: I believe that in the 16th centuries the people of Europe started to become more accountable of their own lives. The Catholic Church greed for money and power; lead to European People to be very vulnerable searching for a new relationship with God. The Pope was more accessible to the rich, nobleman and peasants was left out with the fear of dying and being cast to hell. Protestantism became the religion for people to develop their own relationship with God.

Other sources: R.H. Bainton, //The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century//, Boston: 1952

**__ Article Analysis Two __**

The Reformation Merry-Go-Round: The Servatian Glossary of Heresy Author: Jerome Friedman Source: The Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol.7, No.1 (Apr., 1976), pp. 73-80 Published by: The Sixteenth Century Journal Stable URL: []

Focus: To develop an understanding of Michael Servetus conflict with Catholic and Protestant church (followers) as heresies.

My Implications: I believe with the Catholic Church in reform, Servetus—like other followers—had started to question their faith and wanted to seek answers from current and past Theologians because of the scrutiny the European empire was under.
 * || ** Evidence ** || ** Main Idea ** ||
 * Michael Servetus viewed as an Heretic || For Arius held a foolish view that the son of God was different from the Father. He claimed that the Arius had no appreciation for Christ (74). The Aetians and Eunomians say that these beings are not alike. Origen says that the Son can not see the Father (75). Servetus that only absurd logic to support Trinitarian Formula…ex; Jerome reasons to the three beings from three measures of meals (76). || Through Catholic and Protestant Reformation Servetus, accused different religions and ancient Theologians leaders associated with Church Dogma(73). ||
 * Michael Servetus vs. John Calvin || Servetus called Calvin a Gnostic (80). Servetus accused John Calvin of being the heart and voice of universal disapproval of the Spaniard’s idea (73). || Servetus and Calvin are in conflict proper interpretation of Irenaeus, and Tertullian (80). ||
 * Michael Servetus own display of pride || Servetus thought that all who opposed him were heretics such as John Calvin, ancient heresy such as Arianism or Sabellianism to simply reversed historical labels of orthodoxy for his own purpose(73-74). || Servetus saw himself as the only true Christian (73). ||

__**Article Analysis Three**__ Protestantism and Capitlaism in Pre--Revolutionary England Author(s): Charles George and Katherine George Source: //Church History,// Vol. 27, No. 4 (Dec. 1958), pp. 351-371 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History Stable URL: [] Focus: To compare and contrast the Protestant, and Catholic Church teachings and capital gain in England.

My implications:
 * || Evidence || Main Idea ||
 * Protestant teaching and beliefs || Sibbes states: “we must know it is not the world that simply draws our heart from God... but the love of the world; worldly things are good in themselves and give sweeten passage to Heaven…Bring not a false report unto the world…falseness make it hurtful…Use it as a servant all thy day, and not as a Master and thou maiest have comfort therein (355).” || …Protestant in his constant contention that there are not two ways to go to God but only one…this must lead directly from earth to Heaven (354). The Protestant divine assumes and proclaims the necessity of a particular calling is determined for every man…A man proper calling is determined by the Providence of God… (362). ||
 * Roman catholic teaching and beliefs || The Sabbath…is a day of rest… In a regular work day week which is devoted to approved kinds of relaxation of mind and body (365). Practices of physical asceticism were not expected, marriage was permitted, and accoutrements of worldly status which the society viewed legitimate were religiously sanctioned (353). || The Roman Catholic solution to ideological tension in Christianity has been constructed of a double standard of morality by means two emphases are separated…the part of life of the saint—the saint cleric—who is heaven bound; the others become part of the way of life for the ordinary saint who, if he ever reach heaven will after a purgatorial trial and training (352). Christianity regarding sin of man and his consequent inability to use the world as God meant it to be used or avoid immoderate love of worldly things (355). ||
 * Protestant worldly or capital gain? || Perkin states: “…if ever man …shewe himself to be a pilgrime and stranger in this world...it is not a good state of life, for man to contemne the world, and all things in it, and to betake himself to perpetuall beggarie, and voluntarie poverty?(354)” || The Protestant accepted wealth as the essence of worldly success, the foundation of honour and high place (357). ||

I believe that since Protestant reformers came into existence during the Catholic Church Era, money was needed to establish and strengthen the Protestant church. While reformers tried to lure in followers so the Catholic Church Empire would crumble.


 * __Sources:__**

.[] //image of Martin luther Picture//

Title: The Reformation Merry-Go-Round: The Servetian Glossary of Heresy Author(s): Jerome Friedman Source: The Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Apr., 1976), pp. 73-80 Publisher(s): The Sixteenth Century Journal Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2539630

Title: The Reformation and the Decay of Medieval Ideals Author(s): Lacey Baldwin Smith Source: Church History, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Sep., 1955), pp. 212-220 Publisher(s): Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3162112

. Title: The Spirituality of Reform in the Late Medieval Church: The Example of Nicolas de Clamanges Author(s): Christopher M. Bellitto Source: Church History, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Mar., 1999), pp. 1-13 Publisher(s): Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3170107

Title: Protestantism and Capitlaism in Pre--Revolutionary England Author(s): Charles George and Katherine George Source: //Church History,// Vol. 27, No. 4 (Dec. 1958), pp. 351-371 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History Stable URL: []

Title: The Prince Author: Niccolo Machiavelli Source: //Volume 36 of The Harvard Classics//,(1910),pp.353-358 Published by: P.F. Collier & Son Stable URL: []

"The 95 These" picture courtesy of []